Semnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Provide a Solution Based on Teacher and Student Learning Algorithm to Reduce Regression Test CasesProvide a Solution Based on Teacher and Student Learning Algorithm to Reduce Regression Test Cases115846710.22075/jme.2024.31194.2490FAMahmoodDeypirAssociate Professor, Faculty of Computer Engineering, Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranAmirhosseinMohammadpourMSc, Department of Computer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230715The aim of selecting test items is to choose a subset that has the potential to detect errors due to changes within the software. In other words, the purposes of test selection methods is to reduce the number of test cases after changing the code and focus on identifying the modified parts of the program. Intelligent methods such as regression improve the accuracy of tests in software projects, and the use of optimization algorithms to find the optimal amount of test cases can be useful in terms of time and speed, and according to research by examining and optimizing this algorithm in the system. In this paper, a technique for reducing regression test cases based on teacher-student optimization method was presented. This method was studied in two stages of teacher (education phase) and student (learning phase) on the test set and was implemented with different parameters. The experimental results showed that the use of the teacher-student algorithm reduces the time required for the reduction parameters of the regression test to some extent, although it does not give us a definite answer and will give a near-optimal answer. Also, the results of teacher-student algorithm were compared with previous approaches of regression test case reduction. Experimental results show better average execution time for test case selection. <br />.The aim of selecting test items is to choose a subset that has the potential to detect errors due to changes within the software. In other words, the purposes of test selection methods is to reduce the number of test cases after changing the code and focus on identifying the modified parts of the program. Intelligent methods such as regression improve the accuracy of tests in software projects, and the use of optimization algorithms to find the optimal amount of test cases can be useful in terms of time and speed, and according to research by examining and optimizing this algorithm in the system. In this paper, a technique for reducing regression test cases based on teacher-student optimization method was presented. This method was studied in two stages of teacher (education phase) and student (learning phase) on the test set and was implemented with different parameters. The experimental results showed that the use of the teacher-student algorithm reduces the time required for the reduction parameters of the regression test to some extent, although it does not give us a definite answer and will give a near-optimal answer. Also, the results of teacher-student algorithm were compared with previous approaches of regression test case reduction. Experimental results show better average execution time for test case selection. <br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8467_04f3ac1c22be6e97ca12c2f881340e37.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241029Vibration Analysis of Sandwich Panel Structures:
A Homogenized Simulation Approach with Modal AnalysisVibration Analysis of Sandwich Panel Structures:
A Homogenized Simulation Approach with Modal Analysis1730909410.22075/jme.2024.33202.2616FAAmir RezaMousaviMaster Student of Mechanical Engineer, University of Sistan And Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranAmir HosseinKazemianAssistant professor, Faculty Member of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sistan And Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranJournal Article19700101Sandwich panels with diverse core materials and different types and materials are extensively employed in the industry and hold significant potential for improvement. This study focuses on a specific sandwich panel configuration consisting of aluminum face sheets and a polylactic acid (PLA) core with a honeycomb corrugated geometry. The design of this panel was accomplished and its behavior was simulated using CATIA software. The vibration characteristics of the panel were subsequently analyzed utilizing Abaqus software. Two simulation modes were employed: a fully identical simulation and a homogenized simulation. In the homogenized simulation, the honeycomb core composed of PLA with isotropic properties was replaced by an equivalently represented flat plate possessing orthotropic properties. To validate the accuracy of the software simulation, experimental modal testing was conducted on a physical sample. The obtained modal test results were subjected to analysis using N-modal analysis software and then compared with the analytical simulation results. Furthermore, the simulation results were compared with and without considering the adhesive connections, revealing minimal influence of the adhesive connections (less than 1.1%) on mode shapes and natural frequencies.<br />The simulation results and modal analysis indicate an error coefficient of less than 7%. The presented homogenization technique can be effectively employed to streamline the simulation process, reduce time requirements, and simplify the complexity of the investigated issues.<br />.Sandwich panels with diverse core materials and different types and materials are extensively employed in the industry and hold significant potential for improvement. This study focuses on a specific sandwich panel configuration consisting of aluminum face sheets and a polylactic acid (PLA) core with a honeycomb corrugated geometry. The design of this panel was accomplished and its behavior was simulated using CATIA software. The vibration characteristics of the panel were subsequently analyzed utilizing Abaqus software. Two simulation modes were employed: a fully identical simulation and a homogenized simulation. In the homogenized simulation, the honeycomb core composed of PLA with isotropic properties was replaced by an equivalently represented flat plate possessing orthotropic properties. To validate the accuracy of the software simulation, experimental modal testing was conducted on a physical sample. The obtained modal test results were subjected to analysis using N-modal analysis software and then compared with the analytical simulation results. Furthermore, the simulation results were compared with and without considering the adhesive connections, revealing minimal influence of the adhesive connections (less than 1.1%) on mode shapes and natural frequencies.<br />The simulation results and modal analysis indicate an error coefficient of less than 7%. The presented homogenization technique can be effectively employed to streamline the simulation process, reduce time requirements, and simplify the complexity of the investigated issues.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9094_31a191cc7c327c4ade15d4f56cad42a7.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Impact Loading Cantilever Sandwich Beam with Aluminum Foam Core and Steel FacesheetsAnalytical and Numerical Modeling of Impact Loading Cantilever Sandwich Beam with Aluminum Foam Core and Steel Facesheets3158846110.22075/jme.2024.32308.2557FAMohammadSolookiPhD Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu Ali Sina University, Hammadan, IranJournal Article20231111Due to having advantages such as high strength, lightness, and crack-resistant properties, sandwich structures are widely used in aircraft, missile, marine, and medical industries. For this purpose, in this research, the analytical and numerical investigation of low velocity impact on cantilever sandwich beams with foam core and metal facesheets has been done. In the analytical part, using the GALERKIN method, the equations governing the rise were calculated and the speed and acceleration equations of the sandwich beam were extracted. ABAQUS software has also been used to simulate this process. Finally, the effects of parameters such as impact load application location, core density and strength, projectile mass and velocity, and dimensions have been analyzed and compared analytically and numerically on the deflection of the sandwich beam. By examining and comparing the obtained results, it was observed that, firstly, there is a good agreement between the analytical and numerical results, and secondly, with the movement of the place of application of the load from the free support to the cantilever support of the beam, the final shape of the upper part of the sandwich changes. The beam is reduced by 9.6% and by increasing the rate of projectile mass from 0.01 to 0.04 and reducing the projectile width from 0.05 to 0.01, the final rise of the upper surface increases by 71% and 44%, respectively.<br /> Due to having advantages such as high strength, lightness, and crack-resistant properties, sandwich structures are widely used in aircraft, missile, marine, and medical industries. For this purpose, in this research, the analytical and numerical investigation of low velocity impact on cantilever sandwich beams with foam core and metal facesheets has been done. In the analytical part, using the GALERKIN method, the equations governing the rise were calculated and the speed and acceleration equations of the sandwich beam were extracted. ABAQUS software has also been used to simulate this process. Finally, the effects of parameters such as impact load application location, core density and strength, projectile mass and velocity, and dimensions have been analyzed and compared analytically and numerically on the deflection of the sandwich beam. By examining and comparing the obtained results, it was observed that, firstly, there is a good agreement between the analytical and numerical results, and secondly, with the movement of the place of application of the load from the free support to the cantilever support of the beam, the final shape of the upper part of the sandwich changes. The beam is reduced by 9.6% and by increasing the rate of projectile mass from 0.01 to 0.04 and reducing the projectile width from 0.05 to 0.01, the final rise of the upper surface increases by 71% and 44%, respectively.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8461_c6c263e92991243901db9f35a9f2134d.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Thermodynamic and Exergoeconomic Study of an Absorption-Compression Refrigeration Cycle Driven by a Geothermal Energy ResourceThermodynamic and Exergoeconomic Study of an Absorption-Compression Refrigeration Cycle Driven by a Geothermal Energy Resource5977909610.22075/jme.2024.32775.2594FAArminKhazaei NamMSc Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranAsgarMinaeiAssociate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranMohammadEbadollahiPhD, Department of Energy System Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranHadiGhaebiProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranJournal Article20231224In recent years, a growing emphasis has been on providing sustainable energy to reduce carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency. This article aims to investigate thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses of the cascade absorption refrigeration with a vapor compression refrigeration system driven by a geothermal renewable energy source. The purpose of this system is to produce four different products: power, heating load, cooling, and fresh water. The effect of temperature and mass flow rate parameters of the geothermal source, fresh air ratio parameter, condenser temperature, evaporator-condenser outlet temperature of the absorption refrigeration section, and the evaporator temperature of the vapor compression refrigeration system on the essential decision variables of the system and also on the temperature provided for the thermal comfort of the house and The flow of fresh water produced by the fan coil unit is provided, which has the most influence on the decision parameters, is caused by the output temperature and mass flow rate of the geothermal energy source. The system output parameters such as COP, W ̇_net, η_energy, η_exergy and SUCP in the basic mode are equal to 0/35, 9/78kW, 73/5%, 32/25%, and 101/11$/GJ respectively. The highest exergy destruction occurs in the geothermal reinjection, with an amount of 53% of the total exergy destruction. The calculations performed in this research were done in the EES software.In recent years, a growing emphasis has been on providing sustainable energy to reduce carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency. This article aims to investigate thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses of the cascade absorption refrigeration with a vapor compression refrigeration system driven by a geothermal renewable energy source. The purpose of this system is to produce four different products: power, heating load, cooling, and fresh water. The effect of temperature and mass flow rate parameters of the geothermal source, fresh air ratio parameter, condenser temperature, evaporator-condenser outlet temperature of the absorption refrigeration section, and the evaporator temperature of the vapor compression refrigeration system on the essential decision variables of the system and also on the temperature provided for the thermal comfort of the house and The flow of fresh water produced by the fan coil unit is provided, which has the most influence on the decision parameters, is caused by the output temperature and mass flow rate of the geothermal energy source. The system output parameters such as COP, W ̇_net, η_energy, η_exergy and SUCP in the basic mode are equal to 0/35, 9/78kW, 73/5%, 32/25%, and 101/11$/GJ respectively. The highest exergy destruction occurs in the geothermal reinjection, with an amount of 53% of the total exergy destruction. The calculations performed in this research were done in the EES software.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9096_a148237fa8dc576481a20ae8a0d6ef32.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022A Trigeneration System Using Triple Pressure HRSG(Energy, Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analysis)A Trigeneration System Using Triple Pressure HRSG(Energy, Exergy and Thermoeconomic Analysis)79101854710.22075/jme.2024.31282.2495FAHadiGhayebiAssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical Engineering Faculty, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranGhaderAbbaspourPhD Student, Mechanical Engineering, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranJournal Article20230716In this research, thermoeconomic analysis of a multi-effect desalination thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC) system integrated with a trigeneration system with a gas turbine prime mover is carried out. The integrated system comprises of a compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, a triple-pressure (low, medium and high pressures) heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) system, an absorption chiller cycle (ACC), and a multi-effect desalination (MED) system. Low pressure steamproduced in the HRSG is used to drive absorption chiller cycle, medium pressure is used in desalination system and high pressure superheated steam is used for heating purposes. For thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of the proposed integrated system, Engineering Equation Solver is used by employing mass, energy, exergy, and cost balance equations for each component of system. The results of the modeling showed that with the new design, the exergy efficiency in the base design will increase to 57.57%. In addition, thermoeconomic analysis revealed that the net power, heating, fresh water and cooling have the highest production cost, respectively.<br />.In this research, thermoeconomic analysis of a multi-effect desalination thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC) system integrated with a trigeneration system with a gas turbine prime mover is carried out. The integrated system comprises of a compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, a triple-pressure (low, medium and high pressures) heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) system, an absorption chiller cycle (ACC), and a multi-effect desalination (MED) system. Low pressure steamproduced in the HRSG is used to drive absorption chiller cycle, medium pressure is used in desalination system and high pressure superheated steam is used for heating purposes. For thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis of the proposed integrated system, Engineering Equation Solver is used by employing mass, energy, exergy, and cost balance equations for each component of system. The results of the modeling showed that with the new design, the exergy efficiency in the base design will increase to 57.57%. In addition, thermoeconomic analysis revealed that the net power, heating, fresh water and cooling have the highest production cost, respectively.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8547_785e8349ff921a9c0855407b388dc385.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Modeling of an Industrial Incinerator for Refinery Wastes and Investigating the Effective Parameters for Performance ImprovementModeling of an Industrial Incinerator for Refinery Wastes and Investigating the Effective Parameters for Performance Improvement103122911910.22075/jme.2024.31428.2510FAMohsenBahooshMSc, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Nikbakht Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranBaharehBidarAssistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Nikbakht Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMohammad RezaSardashti BirjandiAssistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Nikbakht Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranFarhadShahrakiProfessor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Nikbakht Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranJournal Article20230803Industrial waste incinerators in gas refineries or sulfur recovery units are responsible for eliminating the waste gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) produced in the process. Most of these units are facing problems such as incomplete combustion, lack of proper control systems for measurement, and the presence of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, etc. Therefore, in this research, to improve the performance of the waste incinerator of Fajr Jam Refinery, furnace modeling was done by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The software Fluent 6.3 is used for the modeling of the incinerator. To achieve this goal, parameters such as the ratio of fuel to air in the inlet duct of main air, the amount and role of the additional air inlet at the bottom of the chimney, the installation of the additional air inlet duct at the end of the furnace for mixing more oxygen and H<sub>2</sub>S, air injection into the inlet duct of acid gas and the feasibility of preheating the incoming air and its effect on the combustion efficiency was investigated. The modeling results showed that increasing the airflow can reduce the amount of CO and H<sub>2</sub>S, but the amount of NOx compounds increases. To establish a balance between the output of pollutants from the furnace, solutions to improve the unit performance were presented, and the appropriate flow range of excess air in the furnace was determined.<br />.Industrial waste incinerators in gas refineries or sulfur recovery units are responsible for eliminating the waste gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) produced in the process. Most of these units are facing problems such as incomplete combustion, lack of proper control systems for measurement, and the presence of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, etc. Therefore, in this research, to improve the performance of the waste incinerator of Fajr Jam Refinery, furnace modeling was done by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The software Fluent 6.3 is used for the modeling of the incinerator. To achieve this goal, parameters such as the ratio of fuel to air in the inlet duct of main air, the amount and role of the additional air inlet at the bottom of the chimney, the installation of the additional air inlet duct at the end of the furnace for mixing more oxygen and H<sub>2</sub>S, air injection into the inlet duct of acid gas and the feasibility of preheating the incoming air and its effect on the combustion efficiency was investigated. The modeling results showed that increasing the airflow can reduce the amount of CO and H<sub>2</sub>S, but the amount of NOx compounds increases. To establish a balance between the output of pollutants from the furnace, solutions to improve the unit performance were presented, and the appropriate flow range of excess air in the furnace was determined.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9119_eefada47a0eccbfe2d1ccf55cce4b89d.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Two-dimensional XMoSiP2/BP (X= S, Se) Heterostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Overall Water SplittingTwo-dimensional XMoSiP2/BP (X= S, Se) Heterostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting123140850610.22075/jme.2024.32114.2549FASomayehGholami RudiAssistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, IranNayerehGhobadiAssociate Professor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran0000-0002-2014-2095SamanehSoleimani-AmiriAssistant Professor, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, 484, IranJournal Article20231022In this article, we investigate the structural, electronic and photocatalytic properties of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP (X= S, Se) heterojunctions using density functional theory. The stability of these structures is verified by phonon scattering and formation energy. The potential distribution calculated for different stackings of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP heterojunctions indicate the existence of a built-in electric field in these structures. The band diagram shows that these structures have a direct band gap in the range of 0.66 to 1.27 eV. By determining the contribution of BP and XMoSiP<sub>2</sub> in the energy band diagram of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP, it is shown that the investigated structures have type II band alignment, which renders them as suitable photocatalysts for water splitting. High carrier mobility (up to 9806 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> for electrons and up to 53500 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> for holes), anisotropic mobilities in x and y directions, as well as significant difference in mobility of electrons and holes increase the efficiency of these structures as photocatalysts. Optical calculations show that the optical absorption coefficients of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP heterostructures are greater than their constituent monolayers in most regions of the solar spectrum, and the high values of absorption coefficients in the visible and ultraviolet regions indicate the high capability of these heterostructures in utilizing the sunlight. Examining the position of the edges of the valence and conduction bands with respect to the redox levels of water shows that two of the proposed heterostructures can be used as good photocatalysts for overall water splitting and simultaneous production of oxygen and hydrogen.<br /><br />In this article, we investigate the structural, electronic and photocatalytic properties of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP (X= S, Se) heterojunctions using density functional theory. The stability of these structures is verified by phonon scattering and formation energy. The potential distribution calculated for different stackings of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP heterojunctions indicate the existence of a built-in electric field in these structures. The band diagram shows that these structures have a direct band gap in the range of 0.66 to 1.27 eV. By determining the contribution of BP and XMoSiP<sub>2</sub> in the energy band diagram of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP, it is shown that the investigated structures have type II band alignment, which renders them as suitable photocatalysts for water splitting. High carrier mobility (up to 9806 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> for electrons and up to 53500 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> for holes), anisotropic mobilities in x and y directions, as well as significant difference in mobility of electrons and holes increase the efficiency of these structures as photocatalysts. Optical calculations show that the optical absorption coefficients of XMoSiP<sub>2</sub>/BP heterostructures are greater than their constituent monolayers in most regions of the solar spectrum, and the high values of absorption coefficients in the visible and ultraviolet regions indicate the high capability of these heterostructures in utilizing the sunlight. Examining the position of the edges of the valence and conduction bands with respect to the redox levels of water shows that two of the proposed heterostructures can be used as good photocatalysts for overall water splitting and simultaneous production of oxygen and hydrogen.<br /><br />https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8506_378a0bf072b6d3602b4e0a7b6da715bf.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Modeling the Risks of Blockchain Development in Improving the Resilience of the Medical Equipment Supply ChainModeling the Risks of Blockchain Development in Improving the Resilience of the Medical Equipment Supply Chain141156911810.22075/jme.2024.31737.2529FAAtenaMalekiMSc, Department of Industrial Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMasoumehZeinalnezhadAssistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranTaherehAliheydari BiokiPhD, Department of Industrial Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranEhsanHedayatiMSc Student, Department of Industrial Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230912Blockchain technology is creating a huge revolution in all the world's industries and has become one of the most popular financial markets in the world. The field of medical equipment has not been deprived of the countless benefits of this technology and has started to use it, in addition to Providing the key objectives of the supply chain also brings transparency, traceability and resilience. In this research, taking into account the role of blockchain in the resilience of the supply chain of medical equipment, the risks of blockchain development in this field were evaluated and analyzed, and after analyzing the influence and dependence based on the interpretive structural equations procedure, the risks were identified. Hence, 10 main political and governmental risks, reliability, service, profitability, security, networking, organizational issues, privacy, social issues, environmental effects were identified and the risks were ranked based on fuzzy BWM and political and governmental risks They ranked first with a weight of 0.26, reliability ranked second with a weight of 0.15, and profitability ranked third with a weight of 0.127.<br />.Blockchain technology is creating a huge revolution in all the world's industries and has become one of the most popular financial markets in the world. The field of medical equipment has not been deprived of the countless benefits of this technology and has started to use it, in addition to Providing the key objectives of the supply chain also brings transparency, traceability and resilience. In this research, taking into account the role of blockchain in the resilience of the supply chain of medical equipment, the risks of blockchain development in this field were evaluated and analyzed, and after analyzing the influence and dependence based on the interpretive structural equations procedure, the risks were identified. Hence, 10 main political and governmental risks, reliability, service, profitability, security, networking, organizational issues, privacy, social issues, environmental effects were identified and the risks were ranked based on fuzzy BWM and political and governmental risks They ranked first with a weight of 0.26, reliability ranked second with a weight of 0.15, and profitability ranked third with a weight of 0.127.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9118_d976b5769a72ca25906a2ce5af72e3c3.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022A Game Theory-Based Approach to Hierarchically Rank Responses to Geological and Geotechnical RisksA Game Theory-Based Approach to Hierarchically Rank Responses to Geological and Geotechnical Risks157170853310.22075/jme.2024.31717.2527FAMohammad AminGhasvarehPhD Candidate, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranGholam RezaLashkaripourProfessor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranHosseinSadeghiAssociate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJavadTayyebiAssociate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Computer Engineering, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, IranJournal Article20230907Due to uncertainty in design, financial estimates, geotechnical and geological issues, tunneling projects are always associated with risks. The project's functional goals may be lost or even fail if these risks are not managed. Many tunnel construction projects have experienced failures that have caused a lot of damage. The use of risk management knowledge is necessary to achieve the main goals in tunnel project construction. One of the most significant challenges for engineers is identifying and assessing risks in tunneling projects, which can lead to proper risk management during tunnel construction. A game theory-based method has been developed to study the risks in tunnel construction projects in this research. To verify the proposed model, as an experimental study, the existing geological and geotechnical risks on line 3 of the Mashhad urban Subway were investigated. Based on the degree of importance, the responses to the desired risks are determined and prioritized in the following. The results showed that preparing engineering geological profiles along the route using the obtained information and changing the excavation parameters based on it with soil Improvement methods are the most significant risk response.<br /> Due to uncertainty in design, financial estimates, geotechnical and geological issues, tunneling projects are always associated with risks. The project's functional goals may be lost or even fail if these risks are not managed. Many tunnel construction projects have experienced failures that have caused a lot of damage. The use of risk management knowledge is necessary to achieve the main goals in tunnel project construction. One of the most significant challenges for engineers is identifying and assessing risks in tunneling projects, which can lead to proper risk management during tunnel construction. A game theory-based method has been developed to study the risks in tunnel construction projects in this research. To verify the proposed model, as an experimental study, the existing geological and geotechnical risks on line 3 of the Mashhad urban Subway were investigated. Based on the degree of importance, the responses to the desired risks are determined and prioritized in the following. The results showed that preparing engineering geological profiles along the route using the obtained information and changing the excavation parameters based on it with soil Improvement methods are the most significant risk response.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8533_b4fd3d645eda25099b966d3279638332.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Determining Hardening Soil Model Parameters of Urmia Lake Sand by Numerical Modeling of Undrained Triaxial Test and Comparison with Laboratory ResultsDetermining Hardening Soil Model Parameters of Urmia Lake Sand by Numerical Modeling of Undrained Triaxial Test and Comparison with Laboratory Results171183850510.22075/jme.2024.31672.2523FAHadiBahadoriPhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, IranVahidMohammadiProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20230902Triaxial soil test is one of the most important and widely used experiments to identify the soil behavior and determination of soil shear strength parameters. Thorough study of the soil behavior requires numerous experiments that require time and cost. The alternative solution is the use of numerical modeling. Numerical modeling requires constitutive soil model to provide a qualitative description of soil behavior using behavioral parameters and provide the relationship between stress-strain in different states and under different loads. In this research, numerical modeling undrained triaxial test with finite element method by Midas GTS NX software under different confining pressures have been done. Validation of the numerical modeling has been done with the data available in the technical literature. The hardening soil model shows the most agreement with the stress-strain behavior of the soil compared to the conventional Mohr-Coulomb model. Therefore, better results can be observed in geotechnical engineering modeling by having hardening soil model parameters. Therefore, in this paper, the behavioral parameters of the hardening soil for the standard Urmia lake sand are determined using repeated numerical modeling using the finite element method and compared with the laboratory results. The matching between these results demonstrates the ability of the present modeling method to determining the required behavioral parameters of all types of soils.<br /> Triaxial soil test is one of the most important and widely used experiments to identify the soil behavior and determination of soil shear strength parameters. Thorough study of the soil behavior requires numerous experiments that require time and cost. The alternative solution is the use of numerical modeling. Numerical modeling requires constitutive soil model to provide a qualitative description of soil behavior using behavioral parameters and provide the relationship between stress-strain in different states and under different loads. In this research, numerical modeling undrained triaxial test with finite element method by Midas GTS NX software under different confining pressures have been done. Validation of the numerical modeling has been done with the data available in the technical literature. The hardening soil model shows the most agreement with the stress-strain behavior of the soil compared to the conventional Mohr-Coulomb model. Therefore, better results can be observed in geotechnical engineering modeling by having hardening soil model parameters. Therefore, in this paper, the behavioral parameters of the hardening soil for the standard Urmia lake sand are determined using repeated numerical modeling using the finite element method and compared with the laboratory results. The matching between these results demonstrates the ability of the present modeling method to determining the required behavioral parameters of all types of soils.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8505_085f14fb8ee4f69ca04a353f30a89227.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Effect of Magnetic Field and Hybrid Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Through a MicrochannelEffect of Magnetic Field and Hybrid Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Through a Microchannel185199855010.22075/jme.2024.31548.2514FAAliSalehinPhD Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranArashMirabdolah LavasaniAssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMohammadNimafarAssistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranGholamrezaSalehiAssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMohammadVahabiAssistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230820This numerical study examines the influence of a magnetic field and hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer in a microchannel. The microchannel with a square cross-section and dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 mm, is situated within a cube-shaped piece. A heat flux of 3750 W/m2 and a constant magnetic field of 1 tesla, perpendicular to the flow, are applied. The research employs a hybrid nanofluid, with soybean oil as the base fluid and hybrid nanoparticles comprising 75% magnesium oxide and 25% aluminum dioxide, at a volume fraction of 1 to 4%. The laminar fluid flow is used, and the volume flow inside the microchannel is 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 ml/s, respectively. The numerical analysis utilizes a single-phase model, and the finite volume method is employed to solve the equations. The results indicate that applying boundary conditions of forced convection with ambient air on the five sides of the cube-shaped piece can enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient by 8.3% to 50%, compared to the absence of force convection in the faces under certain conditions.<br /> This numerical study examines the influence of a magnetic field and hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer in a microchannel. The microchannel with a square cross-section and dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 mm, is situated within a cube-shaped piece. A heat flux of 3750 W/m2 and a constant magnetic field of 1 tesla, perpendicular to the flow, are applied. The research employs a hybrid nanofluid, with soybean oil as the base fluid and hybrid nanoparticles comprising 75% magnesium oxide and 25% aluminum dioxide, at a volume fraction of 1 to 4%. The laminar fluid flow is used, and the volume flow inside the microchannel is 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 ml/s, respectively. The numerical analysis utilizes a single-phase model, and the finite volume method is employed to solve the equations. The results indicate that applying boundary conditions of forced convection with ambient air on the five sides of the cube-shaped piece can enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient by 8.3% to 50%, compared to the absence of force convection in the faces under certain conditions.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8550_a6667eb8ddb6cd7dab40b1a90334ad54.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Probabilistic Investigation of Cavitation Occurrence on Morning-Glory Spillways Using Numerical Modeling and Response Surface MethodProbabilistic Investigation of Cavitation Occurrence on Morning-Glory Spillways Using Numerical Modeling and Response Surface Method201216914110.22075/jme.2024.31043.2480FAMasoudGhaffariPhD Student, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMehdiAzhdary MoghaddamProfessor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranGholamrezaAzizianAssociate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranMohsenRashkiAssistant Professor, Architectural Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, IranJournal Article20230624Estimating the cavitation damage to morning-glory spillways is quite important due to the uncertainties that affect cavitation (e.g., high velocity, negative flow pressure, etc.). This paper aims to develop the model uncertainties to address the reliability assessment of the cavitation damage to different points of the Haraz Dam morning-glory spillway in Iran. As an explicit limit state function was lacking to determine the cavitation reliability, 35 samples were produced based on the statistical features, probability distribution and inter-correlation of the uncertainties. Using the Latin Hypercube Simulation (LHS) method and Shapiro-Wilk Test, the cavitation response was found for them through the ANSYS Fluent-3D numerical model analyses, and the implicit LSF was created for 4 critical points on the morning-glory spillway. To do so, the Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilized to generate the explicit LSF and the reliability of the cavitation damage was estimated using the Monte Carlo and first and second order reliability methods. The obtained results show that P4, with pf > 80%, is the most critical overflow point whereas the lowest RMSE is between SORM and MCS method.<br /><br />Estimating the cavitation damage to morning-glory spillways is quite important due to the uncertainties that affect cavitation (e.g., high velocity, negative flow pressure, etc.). This paper aims to develop the model uncertainties to address the reliability assessment of the cavitation damage to different points of the Haraz Dam morning-glory spillway in Iran. As an explicit limit state function was lacking to determine the cavitation reliability, 35 samples were produced based on the statistical features, probability distribution and inter-correlation of the uncertainties. Using the Latin Hypercube Simulation (LHS) method and Shapiro-Wilk Test, the cavitation response was found for them through the ANSYS Fluent-3D numerical model analyses, and the implicit LSF was created for 4 critical points on the morning-glory spillway. To do so, the Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilized to generate the explicit LSF and the reliability of the cavitation damage was estimated using the Monte Carlo and first and second order reliability methods. The obtained results show that P4, with pf > 80%, is the most critical overflow point whereas the lowest RMSE is between SORM and MCS method.<br /><br />https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9141_a038f6c36aa4e3dec39777a297038004.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Load-Frequency Control of a Hybrid Islanded Microgrid with a Fractional Order Fuzzy PID Controller Optimized by Cheetah AlgorithmLoad-Frequency Control of a Hybrid Islanded Microgrid with a Fractional Order Fuzzy PID Controller Optimized by Cheetah Algorithm217231851210.22075/jme.2024.30979.2474FASiavashShiraliMSc, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technologies, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.SaeedZolfaghari MoghaddamAssociate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technologies, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran.MortazaAli AsgharyAssociate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technologies, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, IranJournal Article20230618Hybrid microgrid is a new concept that has been introduced in recent decades based on the needs of power systems. One of the most important challenges of the islanded microgrid is frequency regulation. In this paper, a fractional order fuzzy PID controller is introduced to stabilize the frequency. The presence of a fractional order in the controller system improves the stability and response speed of the controller in different conditions. Determining the controller coefficients is an important challenge that can be done using different methods. This paper uses Cheetah optimization algorithm because of its important features such as: preventing premature convergence and not getting stuck in the local optimum, which differentiates it from other algorithms. It should be noted that the structure of the proposed controller is a centralized control type, in which the control signal is sent to the units of energy storage sources and diesel generator. For more accurate modeling of energy storage resources, limiting blocks are included in the output of these resources. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, its results have been compared with other controllers, namely: classic PID, fractional order PID and fuzzy PID controllers optimized with other optimization algorithms such as PSO, SCA and GA, using several criteria including: IAE, ISE, ITAE and ITSE. The results show that the proposed controller has the lowest error in terms of error measurement criteria and the highest speed of convergence, with optimal and acceptable performance relative to other controllers are mentioned.<br />.Hybrid microgrid is a new concept that has been introduced in recent decades based on the needs of power systems. One of the most important challenges of the islanded microgrid is frequency regulation. In this paper, a fractional order fuzzy PID controller is introduced to stabilize the frequency. The presence of a fractional order in the controller system improves the stability and response speed of the controller in different conditions. Determining the controller coefficients is an important challenge that can be done using different methods. This paper uses Cheetah optimization algorithm because of its important features such as: preventing premature convergence and not getting stuck in the local optimum, which differentiates it from other algorithms. It should be noted that the structure of the proposed controller is a centralized control type, in which the control signal is sent to the units of energy storage sources and diesel generator. For more accurate modeling of energy storage resources, limiting blocks are included in the output of these resources. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, its results have been compared with other controllers, namely: classic PID, fractional order PID and fuzzy PID controllers optimized with other optimization algorithms such as PSO, SCA and GA, using several criteria including: IAE, ISE, ITAE and ITSE. The results show that the proposed controller has the lowest error in terms of error measurement criteria and the highest speed of convergence, with optimal and acceptable performance relative to other controllers are mentioned.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8512_514f2c044c97f5d674616f7d57f1ffa9.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Design and Implementation of Integrated Virtual Sensor Simulator Unit for Hardware in the Loop Laboratory of Autonomous Underwater VehicleDesign and Implementation of Integrated Virtual Sensor Simulator Unit for Hardware in the Loop Laboratory of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle233248858410.22075/jme.2024.30633.2454FAGholamrezaNadalinia ChareResearch Assistant, Northern Research Center for Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University Of Technology, Tehran, IranSeyed VahidZiaResearch Assistant, Northern Research Center for Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University Of Technology, Tehran, IranTohidKardgarResearch Assistant, Northern Research Center for Science & Technology, Malek Ashtar University Of Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230520Evaluating performance of the integrated system and its subsystems of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), such as sensors and actuators, requires the maybe expensive hardware in the loop laboratory (HIL). Modeling can be a cost-effective tool for validating hardware and software performance, performing missions, and thus reducing potential errors in marine missions which can be achieved through a relatively accurate dynamic simulation and modeling of equipment and environmental conditions inside the HIL. The purpose of this paper is to manufacturing a real-time virtual simulator unit of sensors used in AUV for to equip HIL. The suggested integrated simulator, simulates the output of the sensors used in the AUV such as pressure, GPS, inertial, magnetic and speed according to the technical characteristics and communication protocols of each sensor and sends to on-board computer. The proposed integrated virtual sensor unit with user-friendly features can be easily added to the HIL, leading to a significant reduction in costs. Evaluation result of the virtual sensor simulator unit in the HIL was performed in real-time that the results indicate the appropriate performance of simulation and its comparability with real tests at sea.Evaluating performance of the integrated system and its subsystems of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), such as sensors and actuators, requires the maybe expensive hardware in the loop laboratory (HIL). Modeling can be a cost-effective tool for validating hardware and software performance, performing missions, and thus reducing potential errors in marine missions which can be achieved through a relatively accurate dynamic simulation and modeling of equipment and environmental conditions inside the HIL. The purpose of this paper is to manufacturing a real-time virtual simulator unit of sensors used in AUV for to equip HIL. The suggested integrated simulator, simulates the output of the sensors used in the AUV such as pressure, GPS, inertial, magnetic and speed according to the technical characteristics and communication protocols of each sensor and sends to on-board computer. The proposed integrated virtual sensor unit with user-friendly features can be easily added to the HIL, leading to a significant reduction in costs. Evaluation result of the virtual sensor simulator unit in the HIL was performed in real-time that the results indicate the appropriate performance of simulation and its comparability with real tests at sea.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8584_3547ce2ab95f0c0404010ab39932de5e.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Numerical Simulation of Pellet Furnace Firing Area Case Study: Golgohar Mining Industrial Complex in SirjanNumerical Simulation of Pellet Furnace Firing Area Case Study: Golgohar Mining Industrial Complex in Sirjan249257852210.22075/jme.2024.30360.2442FAMohammad JavadMahmoodabadiAssociate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, IranMohsenTalebipourMSc, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, IranJournal Article20230427In this research, numerical simulation of the hot gas flow in the firing area of the pelletizing furnace in Golgohar mining-industrial complex is studied. In this regard, Open-Foam software as an objective-oriented program and based on a proper programming language is used. The considered area includes the outlet plane of the burners, the down comer pipes, the combustion chamber, the space of the furnace and the wind box, while the pellet bed is regarded as a porous media. The investigated flow is assumed as steady-state, compressible and turbulent that passes through the pellet bed having a uniform porosity percentage. In order to model the turbulent flow, an appropriate two-equations approach is employed. In addition, the walls of the furnace are assumed to be insulated, the gradients of the temperature and pressure on the walls are considered to be zero, and non-sliding condition is regarded for the boundary condition of the velocity. The simulation results illustrate that the hot gasses are diverted on the sidewalls, which could be considered as an important factor for corrosion and decreasing their life.<br />.In this research, numerical simulation of the hot gas flow in the firing area of the pelletizing furnace in Golgohar mining-industrial complex is studied. In this regard, Open-Foam software as an objective-oriented program and based on a proper programming language is used. The considered area includes the outlet plane of the burners, the down comer pipes, the combustion chamber, the space of the furnace and the wind box, while the pellet bed is regarded as a porous media. The investigated flow is assumed as steady-state, compressible and turbulent that passes through the pellet bed having a uniform porosity percentage. In order to model the turbulent flow, an appropriate two-equations approach is employed. In addition, the walls of the furnace are assumed to be insulated, the gradients of the temperature and pressure on the walls are considered to be zero, and non-sliding condition is regarded for the boundary condition of the velocity. The simulation results illustrate that the hot gasses are diverted on the sidewalls, which could be considered as an important factor for corrosion and decreasing their life.<br />.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8522_91848dea12b0943b7044ede6696d25c9.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Designing an Incentive Mechanism to Reward Users for Advertising Content Usage Considering Network EffectsDesigning an Incentive Mechanism to Reward Users for Advertising Content Usage Considering Network Effects259273858310.22075/jme.2024.30215.2424FAHamedKebriaeiMSc Student, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAlirezaBaneshiPhD Student, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMinaMontazeriAssociate Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230323Data rewarding is a novel business model that leads to an economic trend in mobile networks. In this scheme, the advertiser incentivizes users to watch ads and, in return, receive a reward in the form of mobile data. In this work, we model the interaction between an advertiser who has asymmetric information about users and users who are connected to each other under an underlying network, using the contract theory approach. Then, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal and practical contract to motivate users to participate in the reward scheme and encourage them to declare their information truthfully. The formulation of this contract is a non-convex-constrained optimization problem. Using lemmas and propositions, we formulate the initial optimization problem that is challenging to solve as an optimization problem with convex constraints and prove that these two problems are equivalent to each other. Finally, with extensive numerical evaluations, we demonstrate the performance efficiency of the data rewarding scheme compared to benchmark schemes.Data rewarding is a novel business model that leads to an economic trend in mobile networks. In this scheme, the advertiser incentivizes users to watch ads and, in return, receive a reward in the form of mobile data. In this work, we model the interaction between an advertiser who has asymmetric information about users and users who are connected to each other under an underlying network, using the contract theory approach. Then, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal and practical contract to motivate users to participate in the reward scheme and encourage them to declare their information truthfully. The formulation of this contract is a non-convex-constrained optimization problem. Using lemmas and propositions, we formulate the initial optimization problem that is challenging to solve as an optimization problem with convex constraints and prove that these two problems are equivalent to each other. Finally, with extensive numerical evaluations, we demonstrate the performance efficiency of the data rewarding scheme compared to benchmark schemes.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8583_8b979092e7b080082abdb2a56d63ed02.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Combining Style Transfer in a Frame with Random Rotation Using Convolutional Neural NetworksCombining Style Transfer in a Frame with Random Rotation Using Convolutional Neural Networks275281917710.22075/jme.2024.33791.2653FAMahdiMusa SemnaniMSc Student, Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, IranKouroshKianiAssociate Professor, Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, IranJournal Article20240414Style transfer is a research area that has garnered significant attention. This technology allows the style of one image to be transferred into the content of another image. Extensive research has been conducted in the field of style transfer, aiming to accelerate processing and produce beautiful and high-quality images. One application of this technology could be in generating beautiful designs for printing in industries such as tile and carpet manufacturing, where creating such intricate patterns by human hands would be challenging. In this article, a simple method is proposed for transferring multiple styles that have been randomly rotated, resulting in more unique designs compared to using a single style for transfer. This method can enhance the diversity and quality of the generated images. Evaluation of this method was conducted by surveying 25 individuals who compared our method to other existing methods. Ultimately, our method received the highest approval rating. The outcome of this research facilitates the creation of artworks more efficiently, offering a viable alternative to human-designed patterns.<br /> Style transfer is a research area that has garnered significant attention. This technology allows the style of one image to be transferred into the content of another image. Extensive research has been conducted in the field of style transfer, aiming to accelerate processing and produce beautiful and high-quality images. One application of this technology could be in generating beautiful designs for printing in industries such as tile and carpet manufacturing, where creating such intricate patterns by human hands would be challenging. In this article, a simple method is proposed for transferring multiple styles that have been randomly rotated, resulting in more unique designs compared to using a single style for transfer. This method can enhance the diversity and quality of the generated images. Evaluation of this method was conducted by surveying 25 individuals who compared our method to other existing methods. Ultimately, our method received the highest approval rating. The outcome of this research facilitates the creation of artworks more efficiently, offering a viable alternative to human-designed patterns.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_9177_78eda76be663f7cb306374b0cc175d28.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Hierarchical Clustering of Residential Appliances Considering the Characteristics of the AppliancesHierarchical Clustering of Residential Appliances Considering the Characteristics of the Appliances283296852710.22075/jme.2024.28906.2359FAShimaSimsarPhD Student, Department of Information Technology Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMahmoodAlborziAssociate Professor, Department of Information Technology Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranAliRajabzadeh GhatariAssociate Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8470-3568AliYazdianAssociate Professor, Department of Power Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221110Nowadays, demand response is recognized as an important element in the reliability of smart grid. Smart home energy management systems, which prioritize the start-up of electrical appliances according to the necessity of use and efficiency, play a vital role in the effectiveness of load response strategies in residential areas. Considering the sensor technologies, clarification on electricity consumption details helps to optimally monitor how the appliances are used. In this research, an unsupervised machine learning model was proposed for the clustering of home appliances to manage the bills of customers based on their inherent characteristics. Due to the small number of clusters, it becomes possible to manage electricity consumption. The hierarchical clustering method was used to classify appliances into three clusters. The first cluster is the appliances that are turned on at the discretion of the consumers immediately, the second cluster is the appliances that can be turned on according to the schedule and their usage can be postponed and the third cluster is appliances that are preferred by a limited number of consumers. The silhouette coefficient was developed as a measure of the hierarchical clustering model performance, where the average silhouette coefficient of 0.56 indicates the satisfaction of the model. Based on the results, it was found that the proposed clustering method can rationally classify different types of home appliances by selecting the appropriate characteristics since the appliances in a cluster are very similar to each other and can help users understand the operating conditions of the appliances.<br /> Nowadays, demand response is recognized as an important element in the reliability of smart grid. Smart home energy management systems, which prioritize the start-up of electrical appliances according to the necessity of use and efficiency, play a vital role in the effectiveness of load response strategies in residential areas. Considering the sensor technologies, clarification on electricity consumption details helps to optimally monitor how the appliances are used. In this research, an unsupervised machine learning model was proposed for the clustering of home appliances to manage the bills of customers based on their inherent characteristics. Due to the small number of clusters, it becomes possible to manage electricity consumption. The hierarchical clustering method was used to classify appliances into three clusters. The first cluster is the appliances that are turned on at the discretion of the consumers immediately, the second cluster is the appliances that can be turned on according to the schedule and their usage can be postponed and the third cluster is appliances that are preferred by a limited number of consumers. The silhouette coefficient was developed as a measure of the hierarchical clustering model performance, where the average silhouette coefficient of 0.56 indicates the satisfaction of the model. Based on the results, it was found that the proposed clustering method can rationally classify different types of home appliances by selecting the appropriate characteristics since the appliances in a cluster are very similar to each other and can help users understand the operating conditions of the appliances.<br /> https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8527_65da1c78709756abd6d939f22f8daa3b.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Damage Evaluation of Concrete Bridge with Steel Piers Subjected to Explosive LoadsDamage Evaluation of Concrete Bridge with Steel Piers Subjected to Explosive Loads297316851710.22075/jme.2024.28278.2328FASohrabMirassiAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IranMohammadMomeniAssistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fasa University, Fasa, IranAhmadHosseini MoorderazMSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, IranJournal Article20220903The transportation system infrastructure in any country encompasses roads, highways, and crucially, bridges. Among these components, bridges hold significant importance. Throughout their operational lifespan, structures endure various loadings that impact their design and necessitate strengthening measures. Evaluating and assessing the behavior of bridges designed and implemented decades ago, adhering to outdated regulations but still serving as access routes today, is vital. Notably, certain older bridges, particularly those with steel piers, require special attention due to the effects of aging on their behavior and susceptibility to various loads, including explosive ones. Finding solutions for ensuring their safety and implementing rehabilitation measures becomes imperative. This paper delves into a case study on a communication bridge in Kazerun city, focusing on bridges with steel piers. The investigation explores the bridge's behavior under the influence of different explosive loads through finite element analysis. The LS-DYNA finite element software was employed for the necessary analysis, evaluating both the local failure of the bridge piers and the overall failure of the entire bridge using the support rotation criterion. The study reveals that, as the explosive charge weight increases, the permanent displacement in the concrete slab of the bridge rises, leading to a shift in damage levels from low to medium. Furthermore, incorporating steel beams in the longitudinal direction of the concrete slab proves effective in reducing deformation caused by explosive loads, subsequently minimizing damage. The proximity of a specific bridge member to the explosion center correlates with a higher local failure rate. Ultimately, the areas experiencing greater local failure witness a subsequent general failure of the steel piers, bringing the bridge closer to collapse.The transportation system infrastructure in any country encompasses roads, highways, and crucially, bridges. Among these components, bridges hold significant importance. Throughout their operational lifespan, structures endure various loadings that impact their design and necessitate strengthening measures. Evaluating and assessing the behavior of bridges designed and implemented decades ago, adhering to outdated regulations but still serving as access routes today, is vital. Notably, certain older bridges, particularly those with steel piers, require special attention due to the effects of aging on their behavior and susceptibility to various loads, including explosive ones. Finding solutions for ensuring their safety and implementing rehabilitation measures becomes imperative. This paper delves into a case study on a communication bridge in Kazerun city, focusing on bridges with steel piers. The investigation explores the bridge's behavior under the influence of different explosive loads through finite element analysis. The LS-DYNA finite element software was employed for the necessary analysis, evaluating both the local failure of the bridge piers and the overall failure of the entire bridge using the support rotation criterion. The study reveals that, as the explosive charge weight increases, the permanent displacement in the concrete slab of the bridge rises, leading to a shift in damage levels from low to medium. Furthermore, incorporating steel beams in the longitudinal direction of the concrete slab proves effective in reducing deformation caused by explosive loads, subsequently minimizing damage. The proximity of a specific bridge member to the explosion center correlates with a higher local failure rate. Ultimately, the areas experiencing greater local failure witness a subsequent general failure of the steel piers, bringing the bridge closer to collapse.https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8517_e41cbf1d8efcd6968ae75ef2611bbfdf.pdfSemnan University PressJournal of Modeling in Engineering2008-4854227820241022Design of a Hierarchical Fuzzy Control System to Guide the Robot and Prevent Collisions with ObstaclesDesign of a Hierarchical Fuzzy Control System to Guide the Robot and Prevent Collisions with Obstacles317327851810.22075/jme.2024.26135.2218FAAlirezaMakvandiMSc Student, Department of Engineering, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, IranHesamMakvandiAssistant Professor, Department of Engineering, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, IranSayed EhsanAlaviAssistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Shohadaye Hoveizeh Campus of Technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, DashteAzadegan, IranJournal Article20220215Among the advantages of utilizing fuzzy control as an intelligent controller, one can name the elimination of the need for repetitive calculations as well as the ability to use the experience of experts in controlling the robots' motions in uncharted environments. Instead of solving an optimization problem or formulating rules, the fuzzy control method can transfer these rules irregularly to a robot or a group of robots. The fuzzy controller proposed in the current contribution consists of three agents: A robot navigation agent, which helps the robot reach the target point using a fuzzy-based controller, an obstacle avoidance agent which exploits a hierarchical fuzzy control to keep the robot away from obstructions, and a perception agent that employs eight sensors to provide the required information concerning the environment. A value function is proposed to coordinate the aforementioned factors eliminating possible conflict scenarios. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. Moreover, it is shown that the robot can reach the target point without colliding with obstacles.<br /><br />Among the advantages of utilizing fuzzy control as an intelligent controller, one can name the elimination of the need for repetitive calculations as well as the ability to use the experience of experts in controlling the robots' motions in uncharted environments. Instead of solving an optimization problem or formulating rules, the fuzzy control method can transfer these rules irregularly to a robot or a group of robots. The fuzzy controller proposed in the current contribution consists of three agents: A robot navigation agent, which helps the robot reach the target point using a fuzzy-based controller, an obstacle avoidance agent which exploits a hierarchical fuzzy control to keep the robot away from obstructions, and a perception agent that employs eight sensors to provide the required information concerning the environment. A value function is proposed to coordinate the aforementioned factors eliminating possible conflict scenarios. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. Moreover, it is shown that the robot can reach the target point without colliding with obstacles.<br /><br />https://modelling.semnan.ac.ir/article_8518_094e968e5b0161fca71371545706f38c.pdf